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American Medical Association. Principles of Medical Ethics, Chicago: American Medical Association 1957. Editorial. The charter on medical professionalism and the limits of medical power, Annals of Internal Medicine May 2003, 138(10), 846.

Austin, Wendy. The Ethics of Everyday Practice Healthcare Environments as Moral Communities. Advances in Nursing Science 2007, 30(1), 81–88.
Traditional approaches to bioethics, that privilege impartiality and objectivity and that focus primarily on moral reasoning, are relatively silent on the moral habitability of healthcare environments. Nurses and others in “the trenches” of healthcare are increasingly voicing the need to address everyday ethical issues, interdisciplinary tensions, and systemic concerns, in addition to the ethics of high-profile medical cases. Attention to the institutional processes that shape and constrain ethical dialogue and practice is required. In this article, the call is made for a shift in thinking about ethics in healthcare.

Beauchamp, T/ Childress, J. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University 1989, 67-306.

Belkin, Gary S/ Manschreck, Theo C. Minding morality: What psychiatry can teach bioethics, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education February 2001, 31(2),

Braddock, Clarence III/ Edwards, Kelly/ McCormick, Thomas/ Jonsen, Albert. Professional Responsibility and Medical Ethics: An Integrated Curriculum, University of Washington School of Medicine, http://www.cerdev.hs.washington.edu/bioethics. (Handout)

Brody, Howard, et al, Ethics at the interface of conventional and complementary medicine, in Jonas, Wayne/ Levin, Jeffrey, Essentials of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 1999, 46-56.

Candilis, Philip J. Advancing the ethics of research, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 119-124.

Christakis, N. The ethical design of an AIDS vaccine trial in Africa, Hastings Center Rep 1988, 18, 31-7.

Dein, Simon/ Bhui, Kamaldeep. Issues concerning informed consent for medical research among non-westernized ethnic minority patients in the UK, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Aug 2005, 98, 356.

Cohen, M. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Legal Boundaries and Regulatory Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press 1998. Stone, Julie. Ethical issues in complementary and alternative medicine, Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2000, 8, 213.

Crellin, John K/ Ania, Fernando. Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press 2002.

Dein, Simon/ Bhui, Kamaldeep. Issues concerning informed consent for medical research among non-westernized ethnic minority patients in the UK, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Aug 2005, 98, 356.

Dunsmore, Julie C. Moral development and bioethics, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 93-101.

Editorial. The charter on medical professionalism and the limits of medical power, Annals of Internal Medicine May 2003, 138(10), 844-846.

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Gardner, William/ Lidz, Charles. Gratitude and coercion between physicians and patients, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 125-129.

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Granja, Cristina/ Azevedo, Luis Filipe. When (quality of) life is at stake and intensive care is needed: how much can we trust our proxies? Intensive Care Med 2006, 32, 1681–1682.

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Jehu, D. Patients As Victims: Sexual Abuse in Psychotherapy and Counselling, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons 1994.

Kassirer, J.P. Managing care—should we adopt a new ethic? [editorial] New England Journal of Medicine 1998, 339(6), 397-398.

Lidz, C./ Applebaum, P./ Meisel, A. Two models of implementing informed consent, Arch Intern Med 1988, 148, 1385-9.

Manschreck, Theo C. Placebo studies: Lessons from psychiatric research, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 130-136.

Middleton, Carl. Ethics Committees: A Practical Approach and Integrative Health Care: An Emerging Approach to the Art of Healing.

Nash, Robert A. The biomedical ethics of alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine, Alternative Therapies Sept 1999, 5(5), 95.

Patient Rights, 2003. Retrieved July 1, 2005 from New York State Department of Health website: http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/hospital/patient_rights/en/planning.htm.

Patil, R. Research in a tribal community, Ind J Med Ethics 2004,1(4).

Peterson L.M./ Brennan T.A. Medical ethics and medical injuries: taking our duties seriously. J Clin Ethics 1990, 1, 207-11.

Pinals, Debra A./ Gutheil, Thomas G. Sanctity, secrecy, and silence: Dilemmas in clinical confidentiality, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 113-118.

Plodek, Jeanette Lee. Ethics in healing, Visions 2005, 13(1), 7-11. 

Pope, KS/ Vasquez, M. Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling: A practical guide, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1998.

Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2).

Purnell, L.D./ Paulanka, B.J. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 1998.

Reiser, S.J. The ethical life of health care organizations, Hastings Cent Rep. 1994, 24, 28-35.
Editorial. The charter on medical professionalism and the limits of medical power, Annals of Internal Medicine May 2003, 138(10), 846.

Scales, Damon C./ Tansey, Catherine M./ Matte, Andrea/ Herridge, Margaret S. Difference in reported pre-morbid health-related quality of life between ARDS survivors and their substitute decision makers. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32, 1826–1831.
Abstract
Context: Substitute decision makers may consider the pre-morbid health status of their critically ill loved one when making treatment decisions on her/his behalf.
Objective: To compare estimates of pre-morbid health-related quality of life (HRQOL) obtained from survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with those of their substitute decision makers using the Short Form 36 (SF-36).
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Setting: University-affiliated intensive care unit in Toronto, Canada.
Patients: A sample of 46 ARDS survivors and their substitute decision makers drawn from a previously described cohort.
Interventions: We measured agreement and differences between responses on the SF-36 obtained from survivors (at 3 months after ICU discharge) and their substitute decision makers (at study entry). Measurements and results: Agreement was poor for all SF-36 components and differences reached significance in three domains. In multivariable analysis considering age; sex; Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; and Lung Injury Score, only patient age was associated with the mean difference between estimates for the ‘Mental Health’ domain. On average, estimates of pre-morbid HRQOL obtained from substitute decision makers were lower than those obtained from survivors.
Conclusion: Agreement between estimates of pre-morbid HRQOL provided by ARDS survivors and their substitute decision makers was poor. Compared with survivors, proxies tended to provide lower estimates of pre-morbid HRQOL. Substitute decision making for incapacitated patients is an imperfect process during which family members may underestimate their loved ones’ own perception of pre-morbid health status. Alternatively, survivors of critical illness may overestimate pre-morbid HRQOL.

Stone, J./ Mathews, J. Complementary Medicine and the Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996.

Stone, Julie. An Ethical Framework for Complementary and Alternative Therapists, London: Routledge 2002.

Stone, Julie. Ethical issues in complementary and alternative medicine, Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2000, 8, 207-213.

Sumathipala, A/ Siribaddana, S. Revisiting “freely given informed consent” in relation to the developing world: Role of an ombudsman, American Journal of Bioethics 2005, 4(3), W1-W7.

Syse, A. Norway: Valid (as opposed to informed) consent. Lancet 2000, 356,  1347-8.

Wallwork, Ernest. What psychiatry can offer ethics: Psychodynamic contributions, Psychiatric Annals: A Journal of Continuing Psychiatric Education Feb 2001, 31(2), 105-112.

Wood, S./ Friedland, B./ McGory, C. Informed Consent: From Good Intention to Sound Practices, New York: Population Council 2001.

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