Biswas-Diener, Robert. From The Equator To The North Pole: A Study Of Character Strengths. Journal of Happiness Studies 2006, 7, 293–310.
Abstract. Recently, psychologists have begun to shift their research attention to positive topics historically overlooked by the profession. The study of character strengths is a major research interest of positive psychologists. A classification of 24 character strengths, called the Values in Action (VIA) Classification, has recently been developed, and the current study evaluates these character strengths across cultures. Among 123 members of the Kenyan Maasai, 71 Inughuit in Northern Greenland, and 519 University of Illinois students, we found high rates of agreement about the existence, desirability, and development of these strengths of character. Despite these strong similarities, there were  differences between and within cultures in terms of gender, the perceived importance of specific strengths (such as modesty), and the existence of cultural institutions that promote each strength.

Block, Keith I./ Dafter, Roger/ Greenwald, Howard P. Cancer, the Mind, and the Problem of Self-blame. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2006, 5(2), 123-130.

Brown, Rhonda F./ Schutte, Nicola S. Direct and indirect relationships between emotional intelligence and subjective fatigue in university students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006, 60, 585–593.
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect relationships between emotional intelligence and subjective fatigue. Methods: One hundred sixty seven university students completed questionnaires assessing subjective fatigue, emotional intelligence, and a range of other psychosocial factors. A series of regression analyses were used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between subjective fatigue and psychosocial factors.
Results: Higher emotional intelligence was associated with less fatigue. The psychosocial variables depression, anxiety, optimism, internal health locus of control, amount of social support, and satisfaction with social support each partially mediated between emotional intelligence and fatigue. Additionally, sleep quality partially mediated between emotional intelligence and fatigue.
Conclusion: These findings regarding the association between subjective fatigue, emotional intelligence, and other psychosocial factors may facilitate an understanding of the aetiology of fatigue and contribute to future research examining interventions aimed at helping individuals cope with fatigue.

Effron, Daniel A./ Niedenthal, Paula M./ Gil, Sandrine/ Droit-Volet, Sylvie. Embodied Temporal Perception of Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 929–944.
The role of embodiment in the perception of the duration of emotional stimuli was investigated with a temporal bisection task. Previous research has shown that individuals overestimate the duration of emotional, compared with neutral, faces (S. Droit-Volet, S. Brunot, & P. M. Niedenthal, 2004). The authors tested a role for embodiment in this effect. Participants estimated the duration of angry, happy, and neutral faces by comparing them to 2 durations learned during a training phase. Experimental participants held a pen in their mouths so as to inhibit imitation of the faces, whereas control participants could imitate freely. Results revealed that participants overestimated the duration of emotional faces relative to the neutral faces only when imitation was possible. Implications for the role of embodiment in emotional perception are discussed.

Ellwart, Thomas/ Rinck, Mike/ Becker, Eni S. From Fear to Love: Individual Differences in Implicit Spider Associations. Emotion 2006, 6(1), 18–27.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was used to investigate automatic fear associations in fear of spiders. Fear associations toward spiders were measured among spider fearful and nonfearful participants (Experiment 1) as well as among nonfearfuls and spider enthusiasts (Experiment 2). It was shown that the IAT is sensitive to personal automatic fear associations and therefore distinguishes between highfearful, nonfearful, and enthusiastic participants. Moreover, implicit spider associations measured by the IAT predicted avoidance behavior beyond self-reports. The results of Experiment 2 provide additional support for the argument that implicit spider associations are different from general stereotypes or knowledge about spiders.

Ellsworth, Phoebe C./ Tong, Eddie M. W. What Does It Mean To Be Angry At Yourself? Categories, Appraisals, and the Problem of Language. Emotion 2006, 6(4), 572-586.
According to appraisal theorists, anger involves a negative event, usually blocking a goal, caused by another person. Critics argue that other-agency is unnecessary, since people can be angry at themselves, and thus that appraisal theory is wrong about anger. In two studies, we compared anger, self-anger, shame, and guilt, and found that self-anger shared some appraisals, action tendencies, and associated emotions with anger, others with shame and guilt. Self-anger was not simply anger with a different agency appraisal. Anger, shame, and guilt almost always involved other people, but almost half of the occurrences of self-anger were solitary. We discuss the incompatibility of appraisal theories with any strict categorical view of emotions, and the inadequacy of emotion words to capture emotional experience.

Giese-Davis, Janine/ DiMiceli, Sue/ Sephton,  Sandra/ Spiegel, David. Emotional expression and diurnal cortisol slope in women with metastatic breast cancer in  supportive-expressive group therapy: A preliminary study. Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 190–198.
Abstract
We examined coded emotional expression during an initial therapy session and its association with a known physiological risk factor for early death, aberrant diurnal cortisol slope, in women with metastatic breast cancer. Out of 64 women with metastatic breast cancer randomized to a multi-site clinical intervention trial of supportive-expressive group therapy (SET), a subsample of 29 met eligibility criteria for this study. We tested whether longer mean durations of primary negative affect (fear, sadness, and anger) expression were associated with steeper diurnal cortisol slopes after adjusting for speaking time, repressive-defensiveness, anxiety, and the interaction between repressive-defensiveness and anxiety. We found that steeper cortisol slopes were related to lower repressive-defensiveness and greater primary negative affect expression in line with a prior hypotheses. Additionally we explored whether coded positive affect, defensive/hostile affect, constrained anger, and the interaction between primary negative affect and repressive-defensiveness explained additional variance in diurnal cortisol patterns.

Gold, Stefan M./ Irwin, Michael R. Depression and Immunity: Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2006, 24, 507-519.
An increasing body of evidence suggests that patients who have major depressive disorder show alterations in immunologic markers including increases in proinflammatory cytokine activity and inflammation. Animal models of a depression-like syndrome called ‘‘sickness behavior’’ have shown clearly that cytokines are implicated in the development of these symptoms. Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a pathologic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients affected by this disease also show a high incidence of depression. Accumulating evidence for cytokine-mediated sickness behavior from animal studies suggests that some aspects of depression and fatigue in MS may be linked to inflammatory markers. This article reviews the current knowledge in the field and illustrates how the sickness behavior model may be applied to investigate depressive symptoms in inflammatory neurologic diseases such as MS.

Hamilton, Nancy A./ Zautra,  Alex J./ Reich, John. Individual Differences in Emotional Processing and Reactivity to Pain Among Older Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin J Pain 2007, 23, 165–172.
Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the relationship between pain and emotion may be better understood by identifying people who are more vulnerable to emotional dysregulation and those who are able to regulate emotion. Data were collected from 81 women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. We assessed affect intensity, emotion regulation, active coping, neuroticism as well as weekly reports of pain, positive affect, and negative affect.  Results indicated that the joint effects of emotion regulation and emotional intensity predicted emotional responses to pain. The current study suggests that the emotional impact of pain is related to emotional intensity which can be tempered by the ability to regulate emotion.

Johnson-Laird, P. N./ Mancini, Francesco/ Gangemi, Amelia. A Hyper-Emotion Theory of Psychological Illnesses. Psychological Review 2006, 113(4), 822–841.
A hyper-emotion theory of psychological illnesses is presented. It postulates that these illnesses have an onset in which a cognitive evaluation initiates a sequence of unconscious transitions yielding a basic emotion. This emotion is appropriate for the situation but inappropriate in its intensity. Whenever it recurs, it leads individuals to a focus on the precipitating situation and to characteristic patterns of inference that can bolster the illness. Individuals with a propensity to psychological illness accordingly reason better than more robust individuals, but only on topics relevant to their illness. The theory is assessed in the light of previous research, a small epidemiological study of patients, and 3 empirical studies.

Klossika, Iris/ Flor, Herta/ Kamping, Sandra/ Bleichhardt, Gaby/ Trautmann, Nadine/ Treede, Rolf-Detlef/  Bohus, Martin/ Schmahl, Christian. Emotional Modulation of Pain: A Clinical Perspective. Pain 2006, 124, 264–268.

Lacey, Heather P./ Smith, Dylan M./ Ubel, Peter A. Hope I Die Before I Get Old: Mispredicting Happiness Across The Adult Lifespan. Journal of Happiness Studies 2006, 7, 167–182.
Abstract.
The tendency to overestimate the influence of circumstances on well-being has been demonstrated for a range of life events, but the perceived impact of aging on well-being has been largely overlooked. People seem to dread growing old, despite evidence that well-being improves with age. We compared the self-reported happiness of younger adults (mean age=31) and older adults (mean age=68) with their estimates of happiness at different ages. Self-reports confirmed increasing happiness with age, yet both younger and older participants believed that happiness declines. Both groups estimated declining happiness for the average person, but only older adults estimated this decline for themselves.

Lindquist, Kristen A./ Feldman Barrett, Lisa/ Bliss-Moreau, Eliza/ Russell, James A. Language and the Perception of Emotion. Emotion 2006, 6(1), 125-138.
Three studies assessed the relationship between language and the perception of emotion. The authors predicted and found that the accessibility of emotion words influenced participants’ speed or accuracy in perceiving facial behaviors depicting emotion. Specifically, emotion words were either primed or temporarily made less accessible using a semantic satiation procedure. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were slower to categorize facial behaviors depicting emotion (i.e., a face depicting anger) after an emotion word (e.g., “anger”) was satiated. In Study 3, participants were less accurate to categorize facial behaviors depicting emotion after an emotion word was satiated. The implications of these findings for a linguistically relative view of emotion perception are discussed.

Maciejewski, Paul K./ Zhang, Baohui/ Block, Susan D./ Prigerson, Holly G.
An Empirical Examination of the Stage Theory of Grief. JAMA 2007, 297(7),  716-723 www.jama.com
Context The stage theory of grief remains a widely accepted model of bereavement adjustment still taught in medical schools, espoused by physicians, and applied in diverse contexts. Nevertheless, the stage theory of grief has previously not been tested empirically.
Objective To examine the relative magnitudes and patterns of change over time postloss of 5 grief indicators for consistency with the stage theory of grief.
Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal cohort study (Yale Bereavement
Study) of 233 bereaved individuals living in Connecticut, with data collected between January 2000 and January 2003.
Main Outcome Measures Five rater-administered items assessing disbelief, yearning, anger, depression, and acceptance of the death from 1 to 24 months postloss.
Results Counter to stage theory, disbelief was not the initial, dominant grief indicator. Acceptance was the most frequently endorsed item and yearning was the dominant negative grief indicator from 1 to 24 months postloss. In models that take into account the rise and fall of psychological responses, once rescaled, disbelief decreased from an initial high at 1 month postloss, yearning peaked at 4 months postloss, anger peaked at 5 months postloss, and depression peaked at 6 months postloss. Acceptance increased throughout the study observation period. The 5 grief indicators achieved their respective maximum values in the sequence (disbelief, yearning, anger, depression, and acceptance) predicted by the stage theory of grief.
Conclusions Identification of the normal stages of grief following a death from natural causes enhances understanding of how the average person cognitively and emotionally processes the loss of a family member. Given that the negative grief indicators all peak within approximately 6 months postloss, those who score high on these indicators beyond 6 months postloss might benefit from further evaluation.

Milders, Maarten/ Sahraie, Arash/ Logan, Sarah/ Donnellon, Niamh. Awareness of Faces Is Modulated by Their Emotional Meaning. Emotion 2006, 6(1), 10-17.
A central question in perception is how stimuli are selected for access to awareness. This study investigated the impact of emotional meaning on detection of faces using the attention blink paradigm. Experiment 1 showed that fearful faces were detected more frequently than neutral faces, and Experiment 2 revealed preferential detection of fearful faces compared with happy faces. To rule out image artifacts as a cause for these results, Experiment 3 manipulated the emotional meaning of neutral faces through fear conditioning and showed a selective increase in detection of conditioned faces. These results extend previous reports of preferential detection of emotional words or schematic objects and suggest that fear conditioning can modulate detection of formerly neutral stimuli.

Paul, Lynn K./ Lautzenhiser, Aaron/ Brown, Warren S./ Hart, Arch/ Neumann,  Dirk/ Spezio, Michael/ Adolphs, Ralph. Emotional arousal in agenesis of the corpus callosum. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2006, 61, 47–56.
Abstract
While the processing of verbal and psychophysiological indices of emotional arousal have been investigated extensively in relation to the left and right cerebral hemispheres, it remains poorly understood how both hemispheres normally function together to generate emotional responses to stimuli. Drawing on a unique sample of nine high-functioning subjects with complete agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC), we investigated this issue using standardized emotional visual stimuli. Compared to healthy controls, subjects with AgCC showed a larger variance in their cognitive ratings of valence and arousal, and an insensitivity to the emotion category of the stimuli, especially for negatively-valenced stimuli, and especially for their arousal. Despite their impaired cognitive ratings of arousal, some subjects with AgCC showed large skin-conductance responses, and in general skin-conductance responses discriminated emotion categories and correlated with stimulus arousal ratings. We suggest that largely intact right hemisphere mechanisms can support psychophysiological emotional responses, but that the lack of interhemispheric communication between the emispheres, perhaps together with dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex, interferes with normal verbal ratings of arousal, a mechanism in line with some models of alexithymia.

Penedo, Frank J./ Dahn, Jason R./ Kinsingera, Dave/ Antoni, Michael H./
Molton, Ivan/ Gonzalez, Jeffrey S./ Fletcher, Mary Anne/ Roos, Bernard/ Carver, Charles S./ Schneiderman, Neil. Anger Suppression Mediates the Relationship Between Optimism and Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Men Treated for Localized Prostate Cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006, 60, 423– 427.
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated relations among optimism, depression, anger suppression and natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) in 61 men treated for localized prostate cancer (PC).
Method: All participants were assessed at a single time point where demographics, optimism, depression and anger suppression were measured. We also collected peripheral venous blood to assess NKCC.
Results: Results showed that greater optimism was associated with greater NKCC (β =.27, P <.05), less depression (β = -.63, P <.001) and less anger suppression (β = -.29, P <.05). Furthermore, less anger suppression (β = -.35, P <.01) was associated with greater NKCC. In a hierarchical regression model controlling for depression and then anger suppression, the relationship between optimism and NKCC became nonsignificant [β =.18, t(56)=1.51, P=.14], while anger suppression remained significantly correlated with NKCC [β = -.29, t(56)= -2.40, P <.05].
Conclusions: Results suggest that optimism is associated with NKCC and a greater ability to adaptively express anger. Furthermore, it appears that less anger suppression partially mediates the relationship between optimism and NKCC.

Philippot, Pierre/ Baeyens, Céline/ Douilliez, Céline. Specifying Emotional Information: Regulation of Emotional Intensity via Executive Processes. Emotion 2006, 6(4), 560-571.
The degree of specificity at which emotional information is activated might determine evoked emotional intensity. However, the nature of this effect remains unclear. Four studies tested (a) whether people hold the naïve theory that activating specific details of emotional information arouses acute feelings; (b) whether an emotionally distressed population (social phobics) also holds that theory; and (c) whether voluntarily focusing on specific aspects of a distressing situation reduces its emotional impact. Results indicate that control as well as emotionally distressed people hold a naïve theory that specifying emotion increases its intensity. However, Studies 3 and 4 showed that voluntarily elaborating specific aspects of a distressing situation reduces distress. Results are discussed in terms of voluntary versus automatic processing of emotional information.

Puig, Ana/ Lee, Sang Min/ Goodwin, Linda/ Sherrard, Peter A.D. The Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapies to Enhance Emotional Expression, Spirituality, and Psychological Well-Being of Newly Diagnosed Stage I and Stage II Breast Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Study. The Arts in Psychotherapy 2006, 33, 218–228.
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women in the United States. The psychological impact of the disease may include adjustment disorders, depression, and anxiety and may generate feelings of fear, anger, guilt, and emotional repression. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the efficacy of a complementary creative arts therapy intervention to enhance emotional expression, spirituality, and psychological well-being in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Thirty-nine women with Stage I and Stage II breast cancer were randomly assigned to an experimental group who received individual creative arts therapy interventions or a control group of delayed treatment. A series of analyses of covariance were used to analyze the results, which indicated the intervention was not effective in enhancing the emotional approach coping style of emotional expression or level of spirituality of subjects in this sample. However, participation in the creative arts therapy intervention enhanced psychological well-being by decreasing negative emotional states and enhancing positive ones of experimental group subjects. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Rainville, Pierre/ Bechara, Antoine/ Naqvi, Nasir/ Damasio, Antonio R. 
Basic Emotions are Associated with Distinct Patterns of Cardiorespiratory Activity. Journal of Psychophysiology 2006, 61, 5-18.
Abstract
The existence of specific somatic states associated with different emotions remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the profile of cardiorespiratory activity during the experience of fear, anger, sadness and happiness. ECG and respiratory activity was recorded in 43 healthy volunteers during the recall and experiential reliving of one or two potent emotional autobiographical episodes and a neutral episode. Univariate statistics indicated that the four emotions differed from each other and from the neutral control condition on several linear and spectral indices of cardiorespiratory activity. Dependent variables were further reduced to five physiologically meaningful factors using an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate analyses of variance and effect size estimates calculated on those factors confirmed the differences between the four emotion conditions. A stepwise discriminant analyses predicting emotions using the PCA factors led to a classification rate of 65.3% for the four emotions (chance=25%; p =0.001) and of 72.0–83.3% for pair-wise discrimination (chance=50%; p’s<0.05). These findings may be considered preliminary in view of the small sample on which the multivariate approach has been applied. However, this study emphasizes the need to better characterize the multidimensional factors involved in cardio-respiratory regulation during emotion. These results are consistent with the notion that distinct patterns of peripheral physiological activity are associated with different emotions.

Rolls, Edmund T. Emotion Explained. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005. Book Review. Brain 2006, 129, 2517–2521.

Shechtman, Nicole/ Horowitz, Leonard M. Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Interactions, Interpersonal Motives, and the Effect of Frustrated Motives. PSPB August 2006, 32(8), 1126-1139.
A new circumplex model of interpersonal interaction emphasizes the motives that drive interpersonal behaviors and the negative affect (such as anger) that occurs when a strongly activated motive is frustrated. This study examined the model experimentally by varying conditions designed to activate and frustrate interpersonal motives. One hundred twenty-nine students engaged in text-based discussions using a computer. Three factors were varied: (a) activation of interpersonal motives— participants believed the interaction was interpersonal (with a human) or noninterpersonal (with a computer); (b) individual differences in motive activation—assertive and nonassertive participants were compared (strong vs. weak motive to influence others); and (c) level of frustration of activated motives—the “partner’s” messages contained dominating or nondominating language. Participants who believed their interaction was interpersonal produced more interpersonal behaviors of various types. Assertive participants who interacted with a dominating and apparently human partner produced a disproportionate amount of hostility, indicating anger ascribed to frustrated motives.

Smith, Richard H./ Kim, Sung Hee. Comprehending Envy. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133(1), 46–64.
The authors reviewed the psychological research on envy. The authors examined definitional challenges associated with studying envy, such as the important distinction between envy proper (which contains hostile feelings) and benign envy (which is free of hostile feelings). The authors concluded that envy is reasonably defined as an unpleasant, often painful emotion characterized by feelings of inferiority, hostility, and resentment caused by an awareness of a desired attribute enjoyed by another person or group of persons. The authors examined questions such as why people envy, why envy contains hostile feelings, and why it has a tendency to transmute itself. Finally, the authors considered the role of envy in helping understand other research domains and discussed ways in which people cope with the emotion.

Thomas, Ethne/ Moss-Morris, Rona/ Faquhar, Cindy. Coping with Emotions and Abuse History in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006, 60, 109–112.
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether past abuse and the tendency to repress or suppress unwanted thoughts and emotions contribute to the experience of pain in patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Methods: A group of CPP patients without endometriosis and a group with endometriosis were compared with a pain-free control group. Participants completed measures of pain, emotional repression, suppression of unwanted thoughts and emotions, and past abuse history.
Results: Both CPP groups were more likely to be emotional suppressors when compared with the control group and reported significantly higher levels of thought suppression and abuse. Endometriosis patients were also more likely to be repressors of emotions when compared with controls. Suppression but not repression was related to higher levels of abuse and pain.
Conclusion: Suppression of unwanted thoughts and emotions and past abuse distinguishes CPP patients from healthy controls. Assisting patients to express distressing emotions may impact on pain levels.

Tkach, Chris/ Lyubomirsky, Sonja. How Do People Pursue Happiness?: Relating Personality, Happiness-Increasing Strategies, And Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies 2006, 7, 183–225.
Abstract. Five hundred ethnically diverse undergraduates reported their happiness strategies – that is, activities undertaken to maintain or increase happiness. Factor analysis extracted eight general strategies: Affliation, Partying, Mental Control, Goal Pursuit, Passive Leisure, Active Leisure, Religion, and Direct Attempts at happiness. According to multiple regression analyses, these strategies accounted for 52% of the variance in self-reported happiness and 16% over and above the variance accounted for by the Big Five personality traits. The strongest unique predictors of current happiness were Mental Control (inversely related), Direct Attempts, Affiliation, Religion, Partying, and Active Leisure. Gender differences suggest that men prefer to engage in Active Leisure and Mental Control, whereas women favor Affiliation, Goal Pursuit, Passive Leisure, and Religion. Relative to Asian and Chicano(a) students, White students preferred using high arousal strategies. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that many associations between individuals’ personality and happiness levels are to some extent mediated by the strategies they use to increase their happiness – particularly, by Affiliation, Mental Control, and Direct Attempts.

van Dijk, Wilco W./ Ouwerkerk, Jaap W./ Goslinga, Sjoerd/ Nieweg, Myrke/  Gallucci, Marcello. When People Fall From Grace: Reconsidering the Role of Envy in Schadenfreude. Emotion 2006, 6(1), 156-60.
Previous research yielded conflicting results concerning the role of envy in predicting Schadenfreude (pleasure at another’s misfortune). Some studies showed that envy predicts Schadenfreude, whereas others did not. Results of the present research reconcile these opposing findings, by showing that envy is a predictor of Schadenfreude when the target is similar to the observer in terms of gender. These results suggest that envy predicts Schadenfreude when people are confronted with the misfortune of a relevant social comparison other.

Zifan, Ali/ Gharibzadeh, Shahriar. The chaotic nature of temper in humans: A long short-term memory recurrent neural network model. Medical Hypotheses (2006) 67, 658–661.
Summary In mathematics and physics, chaos theory deals with the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that under certain conditions exhibit a phenomenon known as chaos, which is characterised by a sensitivity to initial conditions. Mathematicians paradoxically call such states of order chaos and distinguish them from randomness. New models for describing and predicting different aspects of behavior are being created which once seemed
unpredictable. This is done by focusing on the overall patterns of behavior, showing how stable or unstable they are and identifying the circumstances that make them change. In this paper, we indicate why human temper and mood changes have a chaotic nature. Then, we develop a chaotic model based on a long short-term memory recurrent neural network with irregular embeddings derived by the gamma test to model temper tantrum. We finally use a feedback
delay controller to stabilize its chaotic behavior, because it is a plausible method for stabilizing biological neural systems. A lot of aspects of this model are analogous to the human counterpart. The model might suggest, for example, that if a particular person had stronger ego defenses, and attended a little less vigilantly to the external world, he or she might find a stable attractor amidst of a broader landscape of chaotic attractors. A therapist or self-control would be analogous to the delayed feedback controller, by specifically encouraging those changes, he might help the person reach a stable behavior. Finally, some comments are proposed to facilitate the normal behavior.

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